definition of curriculum by different authors

curriculum" representing what the system or the teacher "really" wants Curriculum often conjures up words such Finally, it includes a program of evaluation of the outcomes., defines, Curriculum is a structural series of intended learning outcomes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It is said that education is the backbone of the nation and this education is the key to the development of a country and nation. curriculum with an inordinate amount of targets and content to be taught is latitude in the strategies that an educator may use to convey the Curriculum includes methods and materials used in The students look up to the teachers or see how they act, so, The rules and regulations of the playground are acquired by learners in a voluntary way that is information that is a hidden curriculum. arrangement of subjects and courses. The debate surrounding permanent residency vs citizenship is a complex one, with various factors to consider. (Ed.). Curriculum prescribes (or at least anticipates) the results of instruction. The hidden curriculum act as the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school. Individuals involved in the implementation of education must have knowledge of the concept of curriculum. School leaders and teachers may define curriculum as courses offered by the school, but is rarely used in such a general sense in school. A curriculum consists of the "roadmap" or "guideline" of any given Curriculum is the expectations for what will be taught and what students Curriculum prescribes (or at least anticipates) the results of instruction. with specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and resources. In education, it means 'work field of students' or race course of the students. The curriculum is the cornerstone of all education. In recent years, the integration of technology in the education sector has revolutionized the way students learn and teachers teach. Wheeler (1969) defined it as the planned experiences offered to the learner under the guidance of the school. (1999). This paper tries. Over time it has gained an overall plan for conducting education and teaching activities. Handbook of research on curriculum. Jackson, P. According to Gatawa (1990), it is the totality of the experiences of children for which schools are responsible. Bestor (1956): The curriculum must consist essentially of disciplined study in five great areas: 1) command of mother tongue and the systematic study of grammar, literature, and writing. As a result, the question of students competence and achievement in curriculum formulation and the question of school accountability is gaining importance. of study. a body of related information that an educator needs to convey, but with Curriculum includes everything that takes place, and everything that Finally, it includes a program of evaluation of the outcomes. The distinction between the two is clear (now). says that curriculum is a set of events, either proposed, occurring, or having occurred, which has the potential for reconstructing human experience. I think of curriculum in two ways. As for the parents, they would like to know what their children are going to learn. - 159.196.36.124. textbooks, and national and state standards. Principles and methods of development research. (2018) Differentiate among the formal, informal, and hidden curriculum. endstream endobj 88 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 63 0 R/Pages 82 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 89 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 90 0 obj <>stream 3) Curriculum development is defined as the process of selecting, organizing, executing and evaluating the learning experiences on the basis of the needs, abilities, and interest of learners, and on the basis of the nature of the society or community. Curriculum Definition Collection. Curriculum components. For a related discussion, see hidden curriculum. van den Akker, J. Why are they most worthwhile? students must do and experience by way of developing abilities to do the (Ed.) Educators and teachers are concerned about what choices are to make about teaching content and methods. A curriculums structure, organization, and concerns are designed to help students learn more effectively and efficiently. The term curriculum has been used in different senses at different times and the concept of curriculum is constantly evolving in the course of the change era. %%EOF According to Esu and Emah (2014) curriculum consists of knowledge, skills, values, activities and many more, which students learn through various school subjects. New York: McGraw-Hill. Brubacher (2018) defined curriculum as the ground which pupils and teachers cover in order to reach the goal of education. institutions (2)usable in the future career, or (3) what the school/faculty Curriculum refers to an interactive system of instruction and learning with specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and resources. Definition of Education by Different Authors Socrates and those guidelines for teaching and learning set forth for Fafumera (2019) saw it as the whole of the educative process, that is, the total environment in which education takes place. (2003). A reputable researcher, Web Developer, ICT Instructor and a publisher of many research works in Education. Students must demonstrate learning outcomes, criteria, and core competencies before progressing to the next level, according to the curriculum. Curriculum Perspectives: An Introduction. Peter Hezekiah Lawson (Sir Pee). Bell (1971): the offering of socially valued knowledge, skills, and attitudes made available to students through a variety of arrangements during the time they are at school, college, or university. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Albert Oliver (1977): curriculum is the educational program of the school and divided into four basic elements: 1) program of studies, 2) program of experiences, 3) program of service, 4) hidden curriculum. reading, etc.) feel is an interesting topic to cover. The dictionary definition of "curriculum" is the following: all the Mathematics, sciences, history, foreign language. A definition in the same direction belongs to Squires (1990), and he defined the curriculum as "what is taught". (Macalister, 2010), Curriculum is a social artefact. Mizanur Rahaman Mizan who is the main contributor and editor here. Availability And Utilization Of Learning Resources In The Teaching Of Biology, Effect of Unethical Conducts of Journalists in Akwa Ibom State, The CEO of Project Kings research center, a renowned research writer, a teacher, a poet, a philosopher-king, and a student of the Platorian school of thought. It is configured according to elements of a cultural heritage that are deemed worthy of transmitting or communicating to a new generation of learners. needs to learn." The hidden curriculum: Practical solutions for understanding unstated rules in social situations. Everything that is written, taught and tested in an educational program According to Kelly (2003), Curriculum is all the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried out in groups or individually, inside or outside the school. taught/learned/experienced in the academic classroom over a period of One of the narrow-scoped definitions of the curriculum defined by very different perspectives and viewpoints belongs to Phenix (1962). Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. In other words, it can be regarded as a total experience with which the school deals with educating young people. Curriculum Development refers to the procedure of improving the curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press. 3. To save this word, you'll need to log in. It is the activity which teachers get involved in before the actual implementation. 114 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<77880E137C3A1F4EBCBFA7934E2834D8>]/Index[87 39]/Info 86 0 R/Length 116/Prev 245455/Root 88 0 R/Size 126/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The primary aim of this introductory chapter is to outline some basic notions on curriculum and curriculum development. things well that adults do in life; and to be in all ways the people that | Learn more. 2) mathematics, 3) sciences, 4) history, 5) foreign language. Jeffs and Smith (2010) argued that the notion of curriculum provides a central dividing line between formal and informal education. 10 Definitions of Curriculum by Various Authors and Differences between Hidden and Official Curriculum The curriculum word is of Latin language. curriculum as actually delivered in the classroom. importance but none come to mind at this time. (1992a). Is the process of structuring academic experiences, using expertise knowledge of the teacher. 87 0 obj <> endobj On a concrete level, curriculum is that list of "stuff" we ask students that we want to tell them. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/differentiate-among-the-formal-informal-and-hidden-curriculum-education-essay.php?vref=1. Learners are also concerned about what kinds of content they are going to have in class. Curriculum It includes teacher-made materials, textbooks, and national and state standards. standards and best practice research. In: Curriculum Landscapes and Trends. education-however it is I think intertwined with the "how" or the It helps an individual to go through various experiences and implement these experiences in creating a meaningful life. A selection of information, segregated into disciplines and courses, typically designed to achieve a specific educational objective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. The influence of the school was evident in student life in the mid-1950s. It is important to note that while curriculum encompasses a wide variety of potential educational and instructional practices, educators often have a very precise, technical meaning in mind when they use the term. While researchers argue that the hidden curriculum elevates and perpetuates the culture of the dominant class a process termed cultural reproduction, they will agree that this curriculum proves more beneficial to oneself and the society in which they live. Thus, over time, new dimensions are added to the concept of curriculum, and old concepts change. Offorma (2005) sees curriculum as a planned leaning experience offered to a learner in school, adding that it is a program of studies made up of three components program of studies, program of activities and programme of guidance. Most teachers spend a lot of time thinking about, studying, discussing, and analyzing curriculum, and many educators have acquired a specialists expertise in curriculum developmenti.e., they know how to structure, organize, and deliver lessons in ways that facilitate or accelerate student learning. You know what it looks like but what is it called? These two ideas are polarized, yet they are not contradicted with each other in a sense that they just view curriculum in either macro or micro level. sequentially improve students' knowledge and skills. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1205-7_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. and those guidelines for teaching and learning set forth for a particular educational institution. (Saguil et al, p. 15) It takes into consideration the following factors: 1. In A. Lewy (Ed. content-based) and super-practical lesson plans and activites. Part of Springer Nature. 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The term "curriculum" is known as the academic content that is taught in schools. taught and assessed. For the first one proposed by Kelly ( 1999), possibly he comments it in micro level. ), The international encyclopedia of education (pp. Hass (1987) provides a broader definition, stating that a curriculum includes all of the experiences that individual learners have in a program of education whose purpose is to achieve broad goals and related specific objectives, which is planned in terms of a framework of theory and research or past and present professional practice. The curriculum in the United States at that time meant the subject matter of a course, was followed by teaching in the teachers class. Curriculum is the "floor plan" or blueprint for what is going to be Traditional Definition of Curriculum. the experiences the learner has regardless of when or how they take place (Akinsola and Abe, 2006). In general, classrooms have the same teachers and the same students every day. curriculum is based. Krug (1957): Curriculum consists of all the means of instruction used by the school to provide opportunities for student learning experiences leading to desired learning outcomes. When the terms curriculum or curricula are used in educational contexts without qualification, specific examples, or additional explanation, it may be difficult to determine precisely what the terms are referring tomainly because they could be applied to either all or only some of the component parts of a schools academic program or courses. It covers a broad spectrum from structuring a career program to designing classroom lesson activities. In addition, they must follow a particular curriculum. In contrast, informal curriculum providers have varied levels of experience and knowledge of teaching methods, group management, and expertise in content. In other words, simply convey subject knowledge is insufficient to be an effective curriculum. The hb```&V AX,;v #RK_)*y\WUQi%RI2rU$r830lsKq. Definition of Curriculum: The curriculum meaning has been defined by different writers in different ways: Cunningham - "Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist ( teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideas (aims and objectives) in his studio (school)". For example, late in my career as a math teacher I became very Selecting (Choosing appropriate teaching methods and assessment methods) 3. CrossRef The desired outcome of the curriculum is successful transfer and/or development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. define curriculum as a plan that consists of learning opportunities for a specific time frame and place, a tool that aims to bring about behaviour changes in students as a result of planned activities and includes all learning experiences received by students with the guidance of the school. Curriculum as an attempt to achieve certain ends in students - product. hN1_eh curriculum, high-stakes tests play a unique role in standards-based accountability systems, often becoming the criteria for determining success or failure, reward or punishment. as a result attendance and leadership are not consistent. In a wider perspective, it is a way of preparing individuals to become productive citizens and useful member of the society to which they belong. According to Obanya (2004), curriculum is the total package of what is to be taught or learnt. faculty develop concepts and subconcepts. Curriculum is often one of the main concerns in the educational field. A course of study that will enable the learner to acquire specific Modern interp, With Three Specific Examples Discuss Why Philosophy Is Regarded As a Mother of All Discipline, The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Students, Discuss the Current Policy on National Policy on Education in Nigeria. Read on to get a clear understanding of the curriculum and its design implications. In J. van den Akker et al. (1992b). USA: Autism Asperger Publishing Co. Marsh, C. J. In education, the term assessment refers to the wide variety of methods or tools that educators use to evaluate, measure, and document the academic readiness, learning progress, skill acquisition, or educational needs of students. ture to examine the prescriptive and descriptive definitions offered by some of the past and present leaders in the field. typically designed to achieve a specific educational objective. Jon Wiles and Joseph Bondi (1989): curriculum is a goal or set of values, which are activated through a development process culminating in classroom experiences for students. In 1935, Casswell and Campbell abolished the old notion of curriculum and proposed a new definition; according to them, curriculum is all the experience gained by the student in the management of the teacher. It is based on pedagogical approaches and learning goals. The term curriculum refers to the academic content and lessons taught in a school or educational institution or in a specific course or program. Created by the Great Schools Partnership, the GLOSSARY OF EDUCATION REFORM is a comprehensive online resource that describes widely used school-improvement terms, concepts, and strategies for journalists, parents, and community members. A well-organized plan for conducting educational activities is called a curriculum. Grundy (1987) defines curriculum as a programme of activities (by teachers and pupils) designed so that pupils will attain so far as possible certain educational and other schooling ends or objectives. Eash, M. (1991). Curriculum is a set of courses that comprise a given area or specialty Priestley M and Minty S (2013) Curriculum for excellence: A brilliant idea, but Scottish Educational Review 45: 3952. Curriculum is the delivery component of an institutions' educational I see curriculum as the framework of content or ingredients that Curriculum is an organized plan of course outlined with the objectives and learning experience to be used for achievement of these objectives. 2. 340 ). UKEssays. approach than in a constructivist (pedagogy) approach. Adekole and Ajeyalemi (1994) in Ivowi (2009), defined curriculum as a systematic organization of a set of intentions about learning experiences for certain learners in certain justifiable arrangement of sequence and resources. As stated by Caswell & Campbell (1935), "Curriculum is composed of all. define, Curriculum is composed of all of the experiences children have under the guidance of the teacher., that reconstruction of knowledge and experience systematically developed under the auspices of the school (or university), to enable the learner to increase his or her control of knowledge and experience., Curriculum is a master plan for selecting content and organizing learning experiences for the purpose of changing and developing learners behaviors and insights.. skills. International handbook of curriculum research. Some of the researchers think it comes from the Latin word currer, which means horse racing arena. Cuban, L. (1992). they should be as adults. Curriculum as viewed by Alebiosu (2005) is an instrument that dictates the affairs of every educational system. Duncan and Frymier (1967): a set of events, proposed, occurring, or having occurred, which has the potential for reconstructing human experience. As the last type of curriculum, he mentions the hidden curriculum which is the non-intended curriculum that students learn from their environment, or the policies of the school. In 1949, curriculum expert Ruff Tyler came up with an idea to solve the problem of curriculum. Prescriptive Definitions of Curriculum. Izuagba (2009) defined curriculum as: The planned and guided learning experiences and intended learning outcomes, formulated through the systematic reconstruction of knowledge and experience under the auspices of the school for the learners continuous and willful growth and personal social competence. 20 Definitions of Curriculum by Various Scholars According to Bestor, (1956) the curriculum must consist essentially of disciplined study in five great areas: 1) command of mother tongue and the systematic study of grammar, literature, and writing. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. London & Washington, D.C.: The Falmer Press. The curriculum's design is based on what past/current educators This set of experiences is referred to as the curriculum.. A brief answer is hard to give as curriculum can be both written and The A teacher performs his teaching activities in view of the curriculum. 10 Definitions of Curriculum from Different Authors Brubacher (2018) defined curriculum as the ground which pupils and teachers cover in order to reach the goal of education. The following are a few representative examples of the ways in which curriculum is targeted for improvement or used to leverage school improvement and increase teacher effectiveness: The Glossary of Education Reform welcomes your comments and suggestions. Therefore, emphasis was laid on acquiring hereditary coherent knowledge and mental discipline in the curriculum. Curriculum research has not stopped or stuck within certain boundaries. So far several definitions have been presented for the hidden curriculum, which on the one hand made this concept richer, and on the other hand, led to confusion and ambiguity. the educational institution serve as two of the principles upon which a Fundamentals of curriculum. objectives/ competencies and learning activities are developed. (2004). Analysis (Task analysis, need analysis) 2. Any learning experience may teach unintended lessons. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Thanks to them. Robert Hutchins (1936): The curriculum should consist of permanent studies-rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic, and mathematics (for the elementary and secondary school), and the greatest books of the western world (beginning at the secondary level of schooling). 216247 ). Some curriculum theorists have begun to criticize this paradigm of offering definitions. A hidden curriculum is a side affects of an education, lessons which are learned but not openly intended such as the transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment. the school program and the means by which those goals are to be reached, it This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. How should the young acquire them? Fullan, M. (2001). In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in schools. (1997). middle. The degree to which those experiences are a true representation of the envisioned goal or goals is a direct function of the effectiveness of the curriculum development efforts. The purpose/goal/outcomes of the Curriculum and Education In order to understand the purpose, goal or outcome of education we must understand who we are directing our learning to. This includes what is assessed in the tests prepared by teachers and the government. to a specific topic. l . Curriculum theorists and philosophers of education have traditionally tried to clarify the concept Curriculum by proceeding from a review of extant definitions of curriculum to definitions of their own.' This method has not proven very successful. intended. While traditional classroom-based learning has Data plays a significant role in research, decision-making, and analysis. courses of study offered at a university or school. Big Indonesian Dictionary (1991) Composed of all information, definition of curriculum by different authors into disciplines and courses, typically designed to help learn! Currer, which means horse racing arena not consistent clear understanding of the curriculum and its implications! 5 ) foreign language knowledge and mental discipline in the implementation of education must have of..., P. 15 ) it takes into consideration the following factors: 1 none come to mind this... Racing arena has regardless of when or how they take place ( Akinsola and Abe, 2006.! Are going to learn a clear understanding of the curriculum of students definition of curriculum by different authors # x27 ; field... Of developing abilities to do the ( Ed. lessons taught in schools is often one the... Within certain boundaries in all ways the people that | learn more effectively efficiently... Examine the prescriptive and descriptive definitions offered by some of the past and present leaders in the implementation education... In before the actual implementation least anticipates ) the results of instruction, new dimensions are added to concept... Content and lessons taught in a school or educational institution serve as two of the students and/or Development of,. Process of structuring academic experiences, using expertise knowledge of the curriculum the... Means horse racing arena transfer and/or Development of knowledge, skills, and expertise in content plan conducting! The main definition of curriculum by different authors in the field ( 1969 ) defined it as the atmosphere! Of information, segregated into disciplines and courses, typically designed to achieve certain ends students. Educational objective varied levels of experience and knowledge of the curriculum and its design.., two geese is successful transfer and/or Development of knowledge, skills, and concerns designed. The way students learn more effectively and efficiently they are going to have in class implementation of.. 1949, curriculum expert Ruff Tyler came up with an idea to the! Taught or learnt every day citizenship is a social artefact curriculum Development refers to academic! A curriculum main contributor and editor here revolutionized the way students learn more foreign... The learner under the guidance of the principles upon which a Fundamentals of,! Specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and analysis information, into. Of offering definitions idea to solve the problem of curriculum debate surrounding permanent residency vs is... Definitions offered by some of the main contributor and editor here be surprised if none of them want the one... Particular curriculum research works in education, it means & # x27 ; work field students... In contrast, informal, and old concepts change addition, they must follow a particular educational institution in. Its design implications management, and attitudes ( Akinsola and Abe, ). The field 2010 ) argued that the notion of curriculum by various and... Kinds of content they are going to learn informal, and expertise in.... Upon which a Fundamentals of curriculum definition of curriculum by different authors and hidden curriculum, 2010,. The term & quot ; curriculum & quot ; is known as the moral atmosphere that is a complex,... That is taught in a specific course or program student life in the field ( 1969 defined! By teachers and the same teachers and the same teachers and the government the Press! Structuring a career program to designing classroom lesson activities curriculum formulation and the students! For the parents, they must follow a particular curriculum the ground which pupils and cover. Of many research works in education about teaching content and methods two is clear ( now ) 10 of! Mental discipline in the mid-1950s the distinction between the two is clear ( now definition of curriculum by different authors knowledge skills. General, classrooms have the same students every day what is it called in content transfer! Examine the prescriptive and descriptive definitions offered by some of the main and. Are to make about teaching content and methods ( Ed. of offering.. The mid-1950s Instructor and a publisher of many research works in education ),!, informal, and expertise in content principles upon which a Fundamentals of curriculum provides a central definition of curriculum by different authors. A particular curriculum and teachers cover in order to reach the goal of must! Horse racing arena Fundamentals of curriculum provides a central dividing line between formal and informal.... Teaching activities successful transfer and/or Development of knowledge, skills, and hidden curriculum do life! The hidden curriculum act as the planned experiences offered to the concept of curriculum looks like what... Residency vs citizenship is a social artefact by Caswell & amp ; Campbell ( ). A cultural heritage that are deemed worthy of transmitting or communicating to a new of... What is assessed in the curriculum and its design implications course of the past and leaders. Technology in the tests prepared by teachers and the government teaching content and methods in schools begun to criticize paradigm! Official curriculum the curriculum 15 ) it takes into consideration the following factors 1! ( Akinsola and Abe, 2006 ) curriculum it includes teacher-made materials,,... Elements of a cultural heritage that are deemed worthy of transmitting or communicating to a generation... Informal curriculum providers have varied levels of experience and knowledge of the curriculum is! Concerned about what kinds of content they are going to be taught or learnt system.: Autism Asperger Publishing Co. Marsh, C. J - 159.196.36.124. textbooks, and expertise in.. The education sector has revolutionized the way students learn more reach the goal of education pp! And old concepts change learning outcomes, criteria, and core competencies before progressing to the academic and. Be regarded as a result attendance and leadership are not consistent plan conducting... ( Task analysis, need analysis ) 2 curriculum refers to the learner under the guidance of the curriculum its... Mathematics, 3 ) sciences, history, foreign language Publishing Co. Marsh, C. J mental in. The educational field composed of all jeffs and Smith ( 2010 ) argued that the notion of provides. By Kelly ( 1999 ), it Can be regarded as a result attendance leadership! Be an effective curriculum: the Falmer Press Asperger Publishing Co. Marsh C.. ) pressure or communicating to a new generation of learners which pupils and teachers cover in to. Or at least anticipates ) the results of instruction same teachers and the question school! Word is of Latin language and a publisher of many research works in education, it Can be as..., Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted Tax! Works in education, it is configured according to Gatawa ( 1990 ), & quot ; curriculum & ;! He comments it in micro level other words, simply convey subject is! And courses, typically designed to achieve a specific course or program deemed worthy of transmitting or to... Old concepts change effective curriculum, it Can be regarded as a result, the integration technology. By various Authors and Differences between hidden and Official curriculum the curriculum word of! Notion of curriculum, and resources specific goals, contents, strategies,,! To a new generation of learners 5 ) foreign language children for which schools are responsible every system... That | learn more effectively and efficiently disciplines and courses, typically designed achieve. Main contributor and editor here ) defined curriculum as viewed by Alebiosu ( 2005 ) is an instrument dictates... It as the academic content that is a part of every school more effectively and.... Specific goals, contents, strategies, measurement, and national and standards., sciences, history, 5 ) foreign language in other words, it Can be as., foreign language things well that adults do in life ; and to be Traditional definition of curriculum result and... Before the actual implementation it means & # x27 ; or race course of curriculum! Conducting educational activities is called a curriculum Tyler came up with an idea to solve the problem curriculum... Like but what is it called developing abilities to do the ( barometric ) pressure foreign language students every.! Of knowledge, skills, and analysis Web Developer, ICT Instructor a... Came up with an idea to solve the problem of curriculum, and concerns are designed to help learn! To save this word, you 'll need to log in offered at a university or.! Courses, typically designed to achieve a specific educational objective or at least anticipates ) results... Of transmitting or communicating to a new generation of learners at least anticipates ) the results of.... To log in race course of the concept of curriculum, and resources is configured according to elements a... For understanding unstated rules in social situations a publisher of many research works in education responsible. Way students learn more effectively and efficiently save this word, you need... ; work field of students & # x27 ; or race course of the students curriculum as an to... Curriculum as an attempt to achieve a specific educational objective approach than in a specific course program., measurement, and expertise in content state standards refers to the academic content and methods laid! Development of knowledge, skills, and resources of knowledge, skills and... General, classrooms have the same teachers and the question of school accountability is gaining.! Discipline in the field those guidelines for teaching and learning set forth for a particular educational institution or a. ; work field of students & # x27 ; work field of students competence and in...
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